To confirm and publish our preliminary observations (Diabetes 55 (supplement 1):64-OR, 2006) suggesting that humans with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus have a marked and islet-selected loss of their sympathetic nerves, similar to that we have observed in animal models of autoimmune diabetes. If true such a defect may contribute to the impaired glucagon response to induced hypoglycemia seen early in Type 1 diabetes.