This project will be the first to examine stress granule responses and the expression of long non coding RNAs in donor islet cells, a model beta cell line and the role of enterovirus infection in modulating these stress responses. This information will be used as a benchmark to examine nPOD tissues for these same stress responses, mobilization of innate immunity markers. The above experiments will also be performed in conjunction with analysis of the replication of terminally-deleted defective enteroviruses in the cell lines, and the stress responses they produce. This will inform secondary studies of actual nPOD tissues for the level of stress responses, key lncRNA expression profiles present. The nPOD tissues will also receive the most stringent analysis for virus capsid proteins and particularly viral RNA with single molecule sensitivity on a single cell basis that has yet been attempted.